feat(paths): Implement robust project root detection and path utilities

Overhauls the project root detection system with a hierarchical precedence mechanism that intelligently locates tasks.json and identifies project roots. This improves user experience by reducing the need for explicit path parameters and enhances cross-platform compatibility.

Key Improvements:
- Implement hierarchical precedence for project root detection:
  * Environment variable override (TASK_MASTER_PROJECT_ROOT)
  * Explicitly provided --project-root parameter
  * Cached project root from previous successful operations
  * Current directory with project markers
  * Parent directory traversal to find tasks.json
  * Package directory as fallback

- Create comprehensive PROJECT_MARKERS detection system with 20+ common indicators:
  * Task Master specific files (tasks.json, tasks/tasks.json)
  * Version control directories (.git, .svn)
  * Package manifests (package.json, pyproject.toml, Gemfile, go.mod, Cargo.toml)
  * IDE/editor configurations (.cursor, .vscode, .idea)
  * Dependency directories (node_modules, venv, .venv)
  * Configuration files (.env, tsconfig.json, webpack.config.js)
  * CI/CD files (.github/workflows, .gitlab-ci.yml, .circleci/config.yml)

- DRY refactoring of path utilities:
  * Centralize path-related functions in core/utils/path-utils.js
  * Export PROJECT_MARKERS as a single source of truth
  * Add caching via lastFoundProjectRoot for performance optimization

- Enhanced user experience:
  * Improve error messages with specific troubleshooting guidance
  * Add detailed logging to indicate project root detection source
  * Update tool parameter descriptions for better clarity
  * Add recursive parent directory searching for tasks.json

Testing:
- Verified in local dev environment
- Added unit tests for the progress bar visualization
- Updated "automatically detected" description in MCP tools

This commit addresses Task #38: Implement robust project root handling for file paths.

mcp-server/src/tools/set-task-status.js

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export function registerSetTaskStatusTool(server) {
         .string()
         .optional()
         .describe(
-          "Root directory of the project (default: current working directory)"
+          "Root directory of the project (default: automatically detected)"
         ),
     }),
     execute: async (args, { log }) => {