feat: improve terminal creation and resizing logic

- Added a debouncing mechanism for terminal creation to prevent rapid requests.
- Enhanced terminal resizing with rate limiting and suppression of output during resize to avoid duplicates.
- Updated scrollback handling to clear pending output when establishing new WebSocket connections.
- Improved stability of terminal fitting logic by ensuring dimensions are stable before fitting.

apps/app/src/components/views/terminal-view.tsx

@@ -147,6 +147,18 @@ export function TerminalView() {
   const serverUrl = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SERVER_URL || "http://localhost:3008";
   const CREATE_COOLDOWN_MS = 500; // Prevent rapid terminal creation
 
+  // Helper to check if terminal creation should be debounced
+  const canCreateTerminal = (debounceMessage: string): boolean => {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    if (now - lastCreateTimeRef.current < CREATE_COOLDOWN_MS || isCreatingRef.current) {
+      console.log(debounceMessage);
+      return false;
+    }
+    lastCreateTimeRef.current = now;
+    isCreatingRef.current = true;
+    return true;
+  };
+
   // Get active tab
   const activeTab = terminalState.tabs.find(t => t.id === terminalState.activeTabId);
 
@@ -263,14 +275,9 @@ export function TerminalView() {
   // Create a new terminal session
   // targetSessionId: the terminal to split (if splitting an existing terminal)
   const createTerminal = async (direction?: "horizontal" | "vertical", targetSessionId?: string) => {
-    // Debounce: prevent rapid terminal creation
+    if (!canCreateTerminal("[Terminal] Debounced terminal creation")) {
-    const now = Date.now();
-    if (now - lastCreateTimeRef.current < CREATE_COOLDOWN_MS || isCreatingRef.current) {
-      console.log("[Terminal] Debounced terminal creation");
       return;
     }
-    lastCreateTimeRef.current = now;
-    isCreatingRef.current = true;
 
     try {
       const headers: Record<string, string> = {
@@ -305,14 +312,9 @@ export function TerminalView() {
 
   // Create terminal in new tab
   const createTerminalInNewTab = async () => {
-    // Debounce: prevent rapid terminal creation
+    if (!canCreateTerminal("[Terminal] Debounced terminal tab creation")) {
-    const now = Date.now();
-    if (now - lastCreateTimeRef.current < CREATE_COOLDOWN_MS || isCreatingRef.current) {
-      console.log("[Terminal] Debounced terminal tab creation");
       return;
     }
-    lastCreateTimeRef.current = now;
-    isCreatingRef.current = true;
 
     const tabId = addTerminalTab();
     try {
@@ -424,12 +426,22 @@ export function TerminalView() {
     return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
   }, [terminalState.isUnlocked, terminalState.activeSessionId, shortcuts]);
 
-  // Get a stable key for a panel
+  // Collect all terminal IDs from a panel tree in order
+  const getTerminalIds = (panel: TerminalPanelContent): string[] => {
+    if (panel.type === "terminal") {
+      return [panel.sessionId];
+    }
+    return panel.panels.flatMap(getTerminalIds);
+  };
+
+  // Get a STABLE key for a panel - based only on terminal IDs, not tree structure
+  // This prevents unnecessary remounts when layout structure changes
   const getPanelKey = (panel: TerminalPanelContent): string => {
     if (panel.type === "terminal") {
       return panel.sessionId;
     }
-    return `split-${panel.direction}-${panel.panels.map(getPanelKey).join("-")}`;
+    // Use joined terminal IDs - stable regardless of nesting depth
+    return `group-${getTerminalIds(panel).join("-")}`;
   };
 
   // Render panel content recursively
@@ -465,10 +477,12 @@ export function TerminalView() {
             ? panel.size
             : defaultSizePerPanel;
 
+          const panelKey = getPanelKey(panel);
           return (
-            <React.Fragment key={getPanelKey(panel)}>
+            <React.Fragment key={panelKey}>
               {index > 0 && (
                 <PanelResizeHandle
+                  key={`handle-${panelKey}`}
                   className={
                     isHorizontal
                       ? "w-1 h-full bg-border hover:bg-brand-500 transition-colors data-[resize-handle-state=hover]:bg-brand-500 data-[resize-handle-state=drag]:bg-brand-500"
@@ -476,7 +490,7 @@ export function TerminalView() {
                   }
                 />
               )}
-              <Panel defaultSize={panelSize} minSize={25}>
+              <Panel id={panelKey} order={index} defaultSize={panelSize} minSize={30}>
                 {renderPanelContent(panel)}
               </Panel>
             </React.Fragment>

apps/app/src/components/views/terminal-view/terminal-panel.tsx

@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ const MIN_FONT_SIZE = 8;
 const MAX_FONT_SIZE = 32;
 const DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE = 14;
 
+// Resize constraints
+const RESIZE_DEBOUNCE_MS = 100; // Short debounce for responsive feel
+
 interface TerminalPanelProps {
   sessionId: string;
   authToken: string | null;
@@ -169,20 +172,41 @@ export function TerminalPanel({
         console.warn("[Terminal] WebGL addon not available, falling back to canvas");
       }
 
-      // Fit terminal to container using requestAnimationFrame for better timing
+      // Fit terminal to container - wait for stable dimensions
-      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      // Use multiple RAFs to let react-resizable-panels finish layout
-        if (fitAddon && terminalRef.current) {
+      let fitAttempts = 0;
-          const rect = terminalRef.current.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const MAX_FIT_ATTEMPTS = 5;
-          // Only fit if container has valid dimensions
+      let lastWidth = 0;
-          if (rect.width >= 100 && rect.height >= 50) {
+      let lastHeight = 0;
-            try {
+
-              fitAddon.fit();
+      const attemptFit = () => {
-            } catch (err) {
+        if (!fitAddon || !terminalRef.current || fitAttempts >= MAX_FIT_ATTEMPTS) return;
-              console.error("[Terminal] Initial fit error:", err);
+
-            }
+        const rect = terminalRef.current.getBoundingClientRect();
+        fitAttempts++;
+
+        // Check if dimensions are stable (same as last attempt) and valid
+        if (
+          rect.width === lastWidth &&
+          rect.height === lastHeight &&
+          rect.width > 0 &&
+          rect.height > 0
+        ) {
+          try {
+            fitAddon.fit();
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.error("[Terminal] Initial fit error:", err);
           }
+          return;
         }
-      });
+
+        // Dimensions still changing or too small, try again
+        lastWidth = rect.width;
+        lastHeight = rect.height;
+        requestAnimationFrame(attemptFit);
+      };
+
+      requestAnimationFrame(attemptFit);
 
       xtermRef.current = terminal;
       fitAddonRef.current = fitAddon;
@@ -299,10 +323,11 @@ export function TerminalPanel({
               terminal.write(msg.data);
               break;
             case "scrollback":
-              // Clear terminal before replaying scrollback to prevent duplicates on reconnection
+              // Only process scrollback if there's actual data
-              terminal.clear();
+              // Don't clear if empty - prevents blank terminal issue
-              // Replay scrollback buffer (previous terminal output)
+              if (msg.data && msg.data.length > 0) {
-              if (msg.data) {
+                // Use reset() which is more reliable than clear() or escape sequences
+                terminal.reset();
                 terminal.write(msg.data);
               }
               break;
@@ -371,7 +396,7 @@ export function TerminalPanel({
     };
   }, [sessionId, authToken, wsUrl, isTerminalReady]);
 
-  // Handle resize with debouncing and validation
+  // Handle resize with debouncing
   const handleResize = useCallback(() => {
     // Clear any pending resize
     if (resizeDebounceRef.current) {
@@ -382,14 +407,11 @@ export function TerminalPanel({
     resizeDebounceRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
       if (!fitAddonRef.current || !xtermRef.current || !terminalRef.current) return;
 
-      // Validate minimum dimensions before resizing
       const container = terminalRef.current;
       const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
-      const MIN_WIDTH = 100;
-      const MIN_HEIGHT = 50;
 
-      if (rect.width < MIN_WIDTH || rect.height < MIN_HEIGHT) {
+      // Only skip if container has no size at all
-        console.log("[Terminal] Container too small to resize:", rect.width, "x", rect.height);
+      if (rect.width <= 0 || rect.height <= 0) {
         return;
       }
 
@@ -404,7 +426,7 @@ export function TerminalPanel({
       } catch (err) {
         console.error("[Terminal] Resize error:", err);
       }
-    }, 100); // 100ms debounce
+    }, RESIZE_DEBOUNCE_MS);
   }, []);
 
   // Resize observer
@@ -439,12 +461,16 @@ export function TerminalPanel({
     if (xtermRef.current && isTerminalReady) {
       xtermRef.current.options.fontSize = fontSize;
       // Refit after font size change
-      if (fitAddonRef.current) {
+      if (fitAddonRef.current && terminalRef.current) {
-        fitAddonRef.current.fit();
+        const rect = terminalRef.current.getBoundingClientRect();
-        // Notify server of new dimensions
+        // Only fit if container has any size
-        const { cols, rows } = xtermRef.current;
+        if (rect.width > 0 && rect.height > 0) {
-        if (wsRef.current?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
+          fitAddonRef.current.fit();
-          wsRef.current.send(JSON.stringify({ type: "resize", cols, rows }));
+          // Notify server of new dimensions
+          const { cols, rows } = xtermRef.current;
+          if (wsRef.current?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
+            wsRef.current.send(JSON.stringify({ type: "resize", cols, rows }));
+          }
         }
       }
     }

apps/server/src/index.ts

@@ -199,6 +199,16 @@ wss.on("connection", (ws: WebSocket) => {
 const terminalConnections: Map<string, Set<WebSocket>> = new Map();
 // Track last resize dimensions per session to deduplicate resize messages
 const lastResizeDimensions: Map<string, { cols: number; rows: number }> = new Map();
+// Track last resize timestamp to rate-limit resize operations (prevents resize storm)
+const lastResizeTime: Map<string, number> = new Map();
+const RESIZE_MIN_INTERVAL_MS = 100; // Minimum 100ms between resize operations
+
+// Clean up resize tracking when sessions actually exit (not just when connections close)
+terminalService.onExit((sessionId) => {
+  lastResizeDimensions.delete(sessionId);
+  lastResizeTime.delete(sessionId);
+  terminalConnections.delete(sessionId);
+});
 
 // Terminal WebSocket connection handler
 terminalWss.on(
@@ -261,8 +271,8 @@ terminalWss.on(
     );
 
     // Send scrollback buffer BEFORE subscribing to prevent race condition
-    // This ensures data isn't sent twice (once in scrollback, once via subscription)
+    // Also clear pending output buffer to prevent duplicates from throttled flush
-    const scrollback = terminalService.getScrollback(sessionId);
+    const scrollback = terminalService.getScrollbackAndClearPending(sessionId);
     if (scrollback && scrollback.length > 0) {
       ws.send(
         JSON.stringify({
@@ -299,21 +309,32 @@ terminalWss.on(
             break;
 
           case "resize":
-            // Resize terminal with deduplication
+            // Resize terminal with deduplication and rate limiting
             if (msg.cols && msg.rows) {
-              // Check if dimensions are different from last resize
+              const now = Date.now();
+              const lastTime = lastResizeTime.get(sessionId) || 0;
               const lastDimensions = lastResizeDimensions.get(sessionId);
+
+              // Skip if resized too recently (prevents resize storm during splits)
+              if (now - lastTime < RESIZE_MIN_INTERVAL_MS) {
+                break;
+              }
+
+              // Check if dimensions are different from last resize
               if (
                 !lastDimensions ||
                 lastDimensions.cols !== msg.cols ||
                 lastDimensions.rows !== msg.rows
               ) {
-                // Only resize if dimensions changed
+                // Only suppress output on subsequent resizes, not the first one
-                terminalService.resize(sessionId, msg.cols, msg.rows);
+                // The first resize happens on terminal open and we don't want to drop the initial prompt
+                const isFirstResize = !lastDimensions;
+                terminalService.resize(sessionId, msg.cols, msg.rows, !isFirstResize);
                 lastResizeDimensions.set(sessionId, {
                   cols: msg.cols,
                   rows: msg.rows,
                 });
+                lastResizeTime.set(sessionId, now);
               }
             }
             break;
@@ -344,8 +365,10 @@ terminalWss.on(
         connections.delete(ws);
         if (connections.size === 0) {
           terminalConnections.delete(sessionId);
-          // Clean up resize dimensions tracking when session has no more connections
+          // DON'T delete lastResizeDimensions/lastResizeTime here!
-          lastResizeDimensions.delete(sessionId);
+          // The session still exists, and reconnecting clients need to know
+          // this isn't the "first resize" to prevent duplicate prompts.
+          // These get cleaned up when the session actually exits.
         }
       }
     });

apps/server/src/services/terminal-service.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ export interface TerminalSession {
   scrollbackBuffer: string; // Store recent output for replay on reconnect
   outputBuffer: string; // Pending output to be flushed
   flushTimeout: NodeJS.Timeout | null; // Throttle timer
+  resizeInProgress: boolean; // Flag to suppress scrollback during resize
+  resizeDebounceTimeout: NodeJS.Timeout | null; // Resize settle timer
 }
 
 export interface TerminalOptions {
@@ -213,6 +215,8 @@ export class TerminalService extends EventEmitter {
       scrollbackBuffer: "",
       outputBuffer: "",
       flushTimeout: null,
+      resizeInProgress: false,
+      resizeDebounceTimeout: null,
     };
 
     this.sessions.set(id, session);
@@ -239,6 +243,13 @@ export class TerminalService extends EventEmitter {
 
     // Forward data events with throttling
     ptyProcess.onData((data) => {
+      // Skip ALL output during resize/reconnect to prevent prompt redraw duplication
+      // This drops both scrollback AND live output during the suppression window
+      // Without this, prompt redraws from SIGWINCH go to live clients causing duplicates
+      if (session.resizeInProgress) {
+        return;
+      }
+
       // Append to scrollback buffer
       session.scrollbackBuffer += data;
       // Trim if too large (keep the most recent data)
@@ -246,7 +257,7 @@ export class TerminalService extends EventEmitter {
         session.scrollbackBuffer = session.scrollbackBuffer.slice(-MAX_SCROLLBACK_SIZE);
       }
 
-      // Buffer output for throttled delivery
+      // Buffer output for throttled live delivery
       session.outputBuffer += data;
 
       // Schedule flush if not already scheduled
@@ -282,18 +293,40 @@ export class TerminalService extends EventEmitter {
 
   /**
    * Resize a terminal session
+   * @param suppressOutput - If true, suppress output during resize to prevent duplicate prompts.
+   *                         Should be false for the initial resize so the first prompt isn't dropped.
    */
-  resize(sessionId: string, cols: number, rows: number): boolean {
+  resize(sessionId: string, cols: number, rows: number, suppressOutput: boolean = true): boolean {
     const session = this.sessions.get(sessionId);
     if (!session) {
       console.warn(`[Terminal] Session ${sessionId} not found for resize`);
       return false;
     }
     try {
+      // Only suppress output on subsequent resizes, not the initial one
+      // This prevents the shell's first prompt from being dropped
+      if (suppressOutput) {
+        session.resizeInProgress = true;
+        if (session.resizeDebounceTimeout) {
+          clearTimeout(session.resizeDebounceTimeout);
+        }
+      }
+
       session.pty.resize(cols, rows);
+
+      // Clear resize flag after a delay (allow prompt to settle)
+      // 150ms is enough for most prompts - longer causes sluggish feel
+      if (suppressOutput) {
+        session.resizeDebounceTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
+          session.resizeInProgress = false;
+          session.resizeDebounceTimeout = null;
+        }, 150);
+      }
+
       return true;
     } catch (error) {
       console.error(`[Terminal] Error resizing session ${sessionId}:`, error);
+      session.resizeInProgress = false; // Clear flag on error
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -312,6 +345,11 @@ export class TerminalService extends EventEmitter {
         clearTimeout(session.flushTimeout);
         session.flushTimeout = null;
       }
+      // Clean up resize debounce timeout
+      if (session.resizeDebounceTimeout) {
+        clearTimeout(session.resizeDebounceTimeout);
+        session.resizeDebounceTimeout = null;
+      }
       session.pty.kill();
       this.sessions.delete(sessionId);
       console.log(`[Terminal] Session ${sessionId} killed`);
@@ -337,6 +375,30 @@ export class TerminalService extends EventEmitter {
     return session?.scrollbackBuffer || null;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Get scrollback buffer and clear pending output buffer to prevent duplicates
+   * Call this when establishing a new WebSocket connection
+   * This prevents data that's already in scrollback from being sent again via data callback
+   */
+  getScrollbackAndClearPending(sessionId: string): string | null {
+    const session = this.sessions.get(sessionId);
+    if (!session) return null;
+
+    // Clear any pending output that hasn't been flushed yet
+    // This data is already in scrollbackBuffer
+    session.outputBuffer = "";
+    if (session.flushTimeout) {
+      clearTimeout(session.flushTimeout);
+      session.flushTimeout = null;
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: Don't set resizeInProgress here - it causes blank terminals
+    // if the shell hasn't output its prompt yet when WebSocket connects.
+    // The resize() method handles suppression during actual resize events.
+
+    return session.scrollbackBuffer || null;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Get all active sessions
    */